How To Install Sewer Line In House
Building Houses
In order to understand how a
firm is congenital nosotros must start at the
beginning. The first thing to do is
to level the footing and make the
foundations. These are usually fabricated
of concrete which is poured into trenches dug in the basis. They have to be strong enough to hold
up the building, and so information technology is of import to preclude them from cracking or shifting. While the foundations are being built, the main drains must be laid to connect up to the public sewers.
A timber-framed edifice has concrete foundation walls on pinnacle of a ground of concrete, and and then timber sills which are anchored to the physical while it is still wet. In brick-congenital houses the courses of bricks commencement on top of the concrete foundations. The first courses of bricks must exist built carefully, for the whole house will residue on them.
In one case the foundations and floor are complete, the principal role of the firm can be built up. In timber-framed houses the main supporting joists are sometimes made of steel or reinforced concrete. Heavy timbers must be used for supporting the roof and stairs and for door and window frames; for the residue of the construction lighter timber is used. In brick-built houses the walls are built up in double layers and the wooden framework for doors and windows too as the wooden joists for the floors are incorporated as work goes on. As the house rises it is necessary to provide scaffolding and platforms for the workers to stand on. This is made of steel tubing with planks laid beyond, ladders to go upwardly and down, and hoists to lift upwardly the building materials.
The roof of the house may exist flat or sloping. Rafters of wood are laid across, which are then covered with slates or tiles. In some places they are called shingles. They may exist made of any fabric that is waterproof, including clay, concrete, metallic, and asbestos. They are laid so that they overlap and allow the water run off.
A timber-framed house must be covered with either timber, bricks, or some other covering to finish the walls. There will also probably be an insulating layer of, for instance, glass fibre, to keep the business firm warm and dry out. This will exist put in between the living infinite and the roof to prevent heat escaping upward. Brick-built houses take insulation put in the cavity between the walls and
beneath the roof.
When the outer shell is complete, piece of work can begin inside the house. The walls are commonly lined with plaster. This may exist practical straight on to brick walls or it may come in the form of plasterboard, which is attached to the walls on strips of wood chosen battens. Afterward information technology will be painted or papered for decoration; moisture plaster must be given a few weeks to dry out earlier that can be done. Plastering must be carefully timed to fit in with the work of the plumbers and electricians.
Plumbers lay the pipes for the water supply, heating organisation, and drainage. They also accept to fix the drainage pipes on the outside of the house, which will join up to the drains and sewers, and put in the bathroom and kitchen fittings to which the pipes are connected. Virtually of these pipes accept to exist hidden from view in the finished house and so some of them will be fixed then that they are behind the plaster later it has been applied, and some will be under the floorboards. Similarly, the electric wires and fittings will by and large be embedded in plaster or laid under the floors. Sometimes the wires are encased in plastic tubes which are laid effectually the edge of
the floors and window frames. The plumber and electrician also work together in installing such things as key-heating boilers
At the same time, carpenters volition be working inside the firm finishing the wooden floors, staircases, window frames and doors as well as fitting cupboards. Last of all, the painters and decorators come in to paint the house inside and out.
21. Consummate the sentences choosing the best variant
respective to the contents of Text 4B.
1) The foundations have to be strong enough
a) to prevent them from cracking.
b) to level the basis.
c) to support the building.
2) The house will residual on
a) a concrete foundation.
b) the first courses of bricks.
c) superlative of a footing of physical.
three) Scaffolding and platforms are provided for the workers
a) to stand up on.
b) to elevator up the building materials.
c) to go upwardly and downwards.
4) Slates are made of
a) clay.
b) wood.
c) any waterproof materials.
five) Drainage pipes are connected to
a) the bathroom and kitchen fittings.
b) the drains and sewers.
c) the floorboards.
6) The last thing to do in the business firm is
a) to install central heating boilers.
b) to stop the wooden floors, window frames and doors.
c) to paint the house.
22. Read Text 4C "Houses and Homes" and find the answers to these questions. Discuss your answers with your groupmates.
a) How practice y'all know that you are in another land?
b)What were the reasons to construct blocks of flats?
c) What problems do people face, living in blocks of flats?
d) What is the basic idea of home for the English?
due east) How practise the English distinguish a flat from a firm?
f) What is the difference between the words house and home?
yard) How does a house authorize as old in Russia and England?
� TEXT 4C
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